{"id":72861,"date":"2023-11-11T14:00:56","date_gmt":"2023-11-11T13:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/?p=72861"},"modified":"2026-04-08T11:03:27","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T09:03:27","slug":"bezpieczne-zabawy-z-pradem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/bezpieczne-zabawy-z-pradem\/","title":{"rendered":"Bezpieczne zabawy z pr\u0105dem"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Czas czytania:<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">min.<\/span><\/span>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"72861\" class=\"elementor elementor-72861\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a423c55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a423c55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1072613\" data-id=\"1072613\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a00caad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a00caad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Celem tego artyku\u0142u jest przedstawienie <strong>r\u00f3\u017cnicy mi\u0119dzy po\u0142\u0105czeniem szeregowym oraz r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142ym diod LED<\/strong>. Chc\u0105c ozdobi\u0107 sobie diodami \u015bwiec\u0105cymi swoje gospodarstwo domowe, zrealizowa\u0107 jak\u0105\u015b ozdob\u0119 w samochodzie zastanawiamy si\u0119 jak to zrobi\u0107, aby takich diod &#8220;nie spali\u0107&#8221;. Najwa\u017cniejszy w tym wszystkim jest dobrze dobrany pr\u0105d, kt\u00f3ry wp\u0142ywa na \u017cywotno\u015b\u0107 diody oraz intensywno\u015b\u0107 \u015bwiecenia.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Na pocz\u0105tek troch\u0119 teorii:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-123e599 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"123e599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obw\u00f3d elektryczny<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fef321 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fef321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Obw\u00f3d elektryczny<\/strong> to obw\u00f3d, kt\u00f3ry tworz\u0105 elementy elektryczne i elektroniczne po\u0142\u0105czone ze sob\u0105 w taki spos\u00f3b, \u017ce istnieje co najmniej jedna zamkni\u0119ta droga dla przep\u0142ywu pr\u0105du elektrycznego. Ka\u017cdy obw\u00f3d jest odwzorowywany przez sw\u00f3j schemat, na kt\u00f3rym w postaci symboli graficznych s\u0105 zaznaczone elementy oraz sposoby ich po\u0142\u0105czenia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12a7ef2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12a7ef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poj\u0119cia zwi\u0105zane z obwodem elektrycznym<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a40453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a40453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>zacisk elektryczny oraz ko\u0144c\u00f3wka elementu<\/strong>, to element,\u00a0 kt\u00f3ry s\u0142u\u017cy do po\u0142\u0105czenia z innymi elementami obwodu elektrycznego za pomoc\u0105 przewod\u00f3w. Zacisk o wy\u017cszym potencjale oznaczamy jaki\u00a0 \u201e+\u201d\u00a0 (biegun dodatni), a o ni\u017cszym potencjale oznaczamy jako \u201e- (biegun ujemny).<\/li><li><strong>r\u00f3\u017cnic\u0119 potencja\u0142\u00f3w<\/strong> mi\u0119dzy zaciskami \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a napi\u0119cia w warunkach, gdy \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o to nie dostarcza energii elektrycznej do odbiornika, nazywamy si\u0142\u0105 elektromotoryczn\u0105 (napi\u0119cie \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142owe).Biegunowo\u015b\u0107 oznaczmy za pomoc\u0105 strza\u0142ki, kt\u00f3rej grot wskazuje potencja\u0142 wy\u017cszy czyli \u201e+\u201d.<\/li><li><strong>ga\u0142\u0105\u017a obwodu elektrycznego<\/strong> \u2013 to jeden lub kilka szeregowo po\u0142\u0105czonych z sob\u0105 element\u00f3w.<\/li><li><strong>w\u0119ze\u0142 obwodu elektrycznego<\/strong> \u2013 to punkt obwodu elektrycznego, z kt\u00f3rego wychodz\u0105 co najmniej trzy ga\u0142\u0119zie.<\/li><li><strong>oczko obwodu elektrycznego<\/strong> \u2013 to zbi\u00f3r ga\u0142\u0119zi po\u0142\u0105czonych tak, \u017ce tworz\u0105 zamkni\u0119ta drog\u0119 dla przep\u0142ywu pr\u0105du elektrycznego.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a978032 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a978032\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-50f510b\" data-id=\"50f510b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f60de1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f60de1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OB1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"OB1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4NjIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL09CMS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"155\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OB1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72862\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Obw\u00f3d prosty (nierozga\u0142\u0119ziony).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-330ac42\" data-id=\"330ac42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d0c54b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d0c54b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OB2.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"OB2\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4NjYsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL09CMi5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/OB2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72866\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Obw\u00f3d z\u0142o\u017cony (rozga\u0142\u0119ziony).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35bb580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"35bb580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8df8c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b8df8c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b23689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9b23689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prawa obwodu elektrycznego<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c0f8ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c0f8ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>I prawo Kirchhoffa<\/strong><\/p><p>W przypadku po\u0142\u0105czenia odbiornik\u00f3w w spos\u00f3b r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142y na ich zaciskach wyst\u0119puje takie samo napi\u0119cie. Wszystkie odbiorniki s\u0105 w\u0142\u0105czone mi\u0119dzy t\u0119 sam\u0105 par\u0119 w\u0119z\u0142\u00f3w, wi\u0119c istnieje zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 nazywana I prawem Kirchhoffa, kt\u00f3ra wyra\u017ca zale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 pomi\u0119dzy nat\u0119\u017ceniami pr\u0105d\u00f3w elektrycznych. Suma pr\u0105d\u00f3w elektrycznych wchodz\u0105cych (wp\u0142ywaj\u0105cych) do w\u0119z\u0142a elektrycznego jest r\u00f3wna sumie pr\u0105d\u00f3w wychodz\u0105cych (wyp\u0142ywaj\u0105cych) z w\u0119z\u0142a elektrycznego. Prawo to dotyczy nat\u0119\u017cenia pr\u0105du elektrycznego (prawo pr\u0105dowe).<\/p><p><strong>II prawo Kirchhoffa<\/strong><\/p><p>W dowolnym oczku obwodu elektrycznego pr\u0105du sta\u0142ego suma spadk\u00f3w napi\u0119\u0107 na elementach rezystancyjnych oczka jest r\u00f3wna sumie dzia\u0142aj\u0105cych w tym oczku napi\u0119\u0107 \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142owych.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/50-rezystory-oporniki\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\"><strong>Rezystor<\/strong> <\/a><\/p><p>Podstawowy element obwodu elektrycznego, kt\u00f3rego zadaniem jest stawianie oporu dla przep\u0142ywaj\u0105cego przez niego pr\u0105du. R\u00f3\u017cne sposoby zapisywania rezystancji na schematach (przecinek jest zast\u0119powany liter\u0105 R, k lub M w zale\u017cno\u015bci od jednostki w jakiej podana jest warto\u015b\u0107 rezystancji):\u00a0 0R49 = 0,49\u2126; 3R7 = 3,7\u2126; 3k7 = 3,7k\u2126; 370k = 370k\u2126; 6M4 = 6,4M\u2126<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11d901a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11d901a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Oznaczenie rezystor\u00f3w mo\u017cna podzieli\u0107 na trzy sposoby:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Cyfrowy <\/strong>&#8211; polega na zapisaniu warto\u015bci rezystancji, tolerancji , temperaturowego wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnika rezystancji za pomoc\u0105 cyfr np.: 210[\u2126],<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><ul><li><strong>Cyfrowo \u2013 literowy<\/strong> &#8211;\u00a0 polega na zast\u0105pieniu niekt\u00f3rych warto\u015bci literami,<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1303ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1303ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-23487ca\" data-id=\"23487ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b17ba2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b17ba2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Warto\u015b\u0107 rezystancji<\/strong><\/p><p>0,24 [\u2126]<\/p><p>4,5 [\u2126]<\/p><p>470 [\u2126]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e915bd1\" data-id=\"e915bd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5415eaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5415eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Wed\u0142ug IEC<\/strong><\/p><p>R 24<\/p><p>4 R 5<\/p><p>470 K, M47<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adb95ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"adb95ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>Paskowy (barwny)<\/strong> &#8211; polega na odczytaniu barwy poszczeg\u00f3lnych pask\u00f3w i przypisania im odpowiedniej warto\u015bci. Na rezystorze mo\u017ce znajdowa\u0107 si\u0119 od 3 do 6 pask\u00f3w.\u00a0 W przypadku oznaczenie tr\u00f3jpasmowego dwa pierwsze paski to dwie pierwsze warto\u015bci rezystancji, a trzeci pasek to tzw. mno\u017cnik, czyli warto\u015b\u0107 przez jak\u0105 nale\u017cy pomno\u017cy\u0107 dwie pierwsze cyfry. W kodzie 4 paskowym, kt\u00f3rym pos\u0142uguj\u0105 si\u0119 rezystory standardowe to trzy pierwsze liczby okre\u015blaj\u0105 warto\u015b\u0107 rezystancji, czwarty pasek to mno\u017cnik, a pi\u0105ty to tolerancja. W kodzie sze\u015bciopaskowym trzy pierwsze paski to trzy pierwsze liczby warto\u015bci rezystancji, czwarty to mno\u017cnik , a pi\u0105ty to tolerancja, a sz\u00f3sty to wsp\u00f3\u0142czynnik temperaturowy.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c520ded elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c520ded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87cee3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87cee3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Symbole rezystor\u00f3w<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb2eabd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fb2eabd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6622f3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6622f3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba389ae\" data-id=\"ba389ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c672768 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c672768\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rezystor sta\u0142y:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5890d72\" data-id=\"5890d72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21f8806 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"21f8806\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/R1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"R1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4NzEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL1IxLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"131\" height=\"41\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/R1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72871\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72f745f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72f745f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-50a71f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"50a71f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5ce368\" data-id=\"d5ce368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc6559 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc6559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rezystor zmienny:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7827165\" data-id=\"7827165\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03322aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"03322aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/R2.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"R2\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4NzUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL1IyLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"131\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/R2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72875\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba9175 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8ba9175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9edaf5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9edaf5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0a574e\" data-id=\"a0a574e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c57239 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c57239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rezystor nastawny:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-050a22d\" data-id=\"050a22d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-551abf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"551abf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/R3.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"R3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4NzksInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL1IzLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"131\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/R3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72879\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b377db6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b377db6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f70de40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f70de40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b66e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"93b66e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Materia\u0142y p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d37d9c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d37d9c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Materia\u0142y wykorzystywane do budowy urz\u0105dze\u0144 elektronicznych w zale\u017cno\u015bci od ich warto\u015bci dzielimy na <strong>metale oraz niemetale<\/strong> (p\u00f3\u0142przewodniki, dielektryki). Powszechnie stosowanymi materia\u0142ami p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowymi s\u0105 <strong>krzem i german<\/strong> (nale\u017c\u0105 one do IV grupy uk\u0142adu okresowego pierwiastk\u00f3w). Materia\u0142y p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowe s\u0105 wytwarzane w postaci <strong>monokryszta\u0142u<\/strong>, co oznacza, \u017ce w sieci krystalicznej s\u0105 zwi\u0105zane wi\u0105zaniami kowalencyjnymi.<\/p><p>Wyr\u00f3\u017cnia si\u0119<strong> p\u00f3\u0142przewodniki samoistne<\/strong>, czyli p\u00f3\u0142przewodniki niezawieraj\u0105ce obcych atom\u00f3w w sieci krystalicznej, oraz <strong>p\u00f3\u0142przewodniki niesamoistne<\/strong>, czyli takie, kt\u00f3re w swojej sieci krystalicznej zawieraj\u0105 inny atom. Powstaje wtedy tzw. <strong>domieszka<\/strong>. Rozr\u00f3\u017cnia si\u0119 dwa rodzaje domieszek: <strong>akceptorow\u0105 oraz donorow\u0105<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong>P\u00f3\u0142przewodnik,<\/strong> kt\u00f3ry w swojej strukturze sieci krystalicznej zawiera atomy pierwiastk\u00f3w V grupy uk\u0142adu okresowego pierwiastk\u00f3w, nazywa si\u0119 <strong>p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikiem typu N<\/strong> (domieszka donorowa). P\u00f3\u0142przewodnik, kt\u00f3ry w swojej strukturze sieci krystalicznej zawiera atomy pierwiastk\u00f3w III grupy uk\u0142adu okresowego pierwiastk\u00f3w, nazywa si\u0119 <strong>p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikiem typu P<\/strong> (domieszka akceptorowa). Po\u0142\u0105czenie si\u0119 dw\u00f3ch kryszta\u0142\u00f3w cia\u0142a sta\u0142ego w taki spos\u00f3b, \u017ce tworz\u0105 \u015bcis\u0142y kontakt nazywa si\u0119 <strong>z\u0142\u0105czem<\/strong>.<\/p><p>W elektronice najcz\u0119\u015bciej spotykany typ z\u0142\u0105cza to <strong>p\u00f3\u0142przewodnik \u2013 p\u00f3\u0142przewodnik<\/strong>. Z\u0142\u0105cze powsta\u0142e w wyniku po\u0142\u0105czenia p\u00f3\u0142przewodnika typu P z p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikiem typu N nazywam si\u0119<strong> z\u0142\u0105czem PN<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af98e80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"af98e80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/PN.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"PN\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4ODMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL1BOLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"201\" height=\"51\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/PN.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72883\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f4262 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c4f4262\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e3374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31e3374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diody p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bffc302 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bffc302\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Dioda p\u00f3\u0142przewodnikowa<\/strong> to element wykonany z p\u00f3\u0142przewodnika, zawieraj\u0105ce jedno z\u0142\u0105cze <strong>PN<\/strong>,\u00a0 z kt\u00f3rego wyprowadzono dwie ko\u0144c\u00f3wki \u2013 <strong>anod\u0119 i katod\u0119<\/strong>. D\u0142u\u017csza n\u00f3\u017cka to <strong>anoda (+)<\/strong>, a kr\u00f3tsza to <strong>katoda (-)<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f03e7e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f03e7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DIOD\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4ODcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL0RJT0QuanBnIn0%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"475\" height=\"67\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72887\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD.jpg 475w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD-300x42.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceb8883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ceb8883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rozr\u00f3\u017cniamy r\u00f3\u017cne kolory diod, zwykle opisywane d\u0142ugo\u015bci\u0105 fali emitowanego \u015bwiat\u0142a:<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ad386c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7ad386c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-26e08d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"26e08d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d483bbe\" data-id=\"d483bbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee7171 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee7171\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Kolor<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa2aa5d\" data-id=\"fa2aa5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed7f248 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed7f248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>D\u0142ugo\u015b\u0107 fal<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78ac006 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"78ac006\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e99fb0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e99fb0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-eef22fd\" data-id=\"eef22fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32bd408 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32bd408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Podczerwie\u0144<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Czerwony<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pomara\u0144czowy<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u017b\u00f3\u0142ty<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Zielony<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Niebieski<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Fioletowy<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Ultrafiolet<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ab8393\" data-id=\"9ab8393\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f580b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95f580b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ponad 700nm<\/p><p>Od 630nm do 700nm<\/p><p>Od 590nm do 630nm<\/p><p>Od 570nm do 590nm<\/p><p>Od 500nm do 570nm<\/p><p>Od 450nm do 500nm<\/p><p>Od 390nm do 450nm<\/p><p>Poni\u017cej 390nm<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3103a6d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3103a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c806e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6c806e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc74f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fc74f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/tabela.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"tabela\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4OTEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL3RhYmVsYS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"276\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/tabela.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72891\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/tabela.jpg 956w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/tabela-300x104.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/tabela-768x265.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c988238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c988238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bae1f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3bae1f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diody elektroluminescencyjne (LED) \u2013 diody \u015bwiec\u0105ce<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-151abf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"151abf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DIOD1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI4OTUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL0RJT0QxLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"227\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72895\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD1.jpg 630w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/DIOD1-300x108.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-67485aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67485aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9bb9912\" data-id=\"9bb9912\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fdc69a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1fdc69a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8414569 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8414569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Poni\u017cej zostanie przeanalizowany obw\u00f3d z\u0142o\u017cony z \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142a zasilania <strong>12 V DC<\/strong> oraz trzech r\u00f3\u017cnokolorowych diod:\u00a0 <strong>niebieskiej (D1) , zielonej (D2), czerwonej (D3).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c9c991\" data-id=\"7c9c991\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fbd7fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2fbd7fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/diody.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"diody\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI5MDMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL2Rpb2R5LmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/diody-300x278.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-72903\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/diody-300x278.jpg 300w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/diody.jpg 602w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bd73c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0bd73c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a248165 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a248165\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diody po\u0142\u0105czone szeregowo<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79924d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79924d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI5MDcsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcLzAuanBnIn0%3D\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"285\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72907\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0.jpg 631w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/0-300x135.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15119fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15119fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nale\u017cy obliczy\u0107 spadek napi\u0119cia na rezystorze <strong>R1<\/strong>.\u00a0 Z drugiego prawa Kirchhoffa: <strong>Uz\u00a0 = UR1 + UD1 + UD2 + UD3 ==&gt;UR1 = Uz \u2013 UD1 \u2013 UD2 \u2013 UD3\u00a0 czyli UR1 = 12V \u2013 3,1V \u2013 3,2V \u2013 2,0V = 3,7V.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-815e912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"815e912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Rezystancja rezystora R1:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>R1 = UR1 \/ I<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>R1 = 3,7V \/ 20mA = 185\u03a9<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d6d28f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d6d28f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-710b0bf\" data-id=\"710b0bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b552bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3b552bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dde8ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8dde8ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Do uk\u0142adu mo\u017cna pod\u0142\u0105czy\u0107 jeszcze jedn\u0105 diod\u0119 &#8211; bia\u0142\u0105 diod\u0119 LED:<\/p><p><strong>Uz = UD1 + UD2 + UD3 + UD4 + UR1\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e8c784\" data-id=\"0e8c784\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96b38d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"96b38d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/dioda.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"dioda\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI5MTUsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcL2Rpb2RhLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"274\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/dioda-274x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-72915\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/dioda-274x300.jpg 274w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/dioda.jpg 365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eda5ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6eda5ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>W tej sytuacji napi\u0119cie zasilaj\u0105ce jest jeszcze wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c spadki napi\u0119\u0107 na diodach (12V&gt;11,4V) &#8211;\u00a0 rezystor powinien nadal by\u0107 w uk\u0142adzie potrzebny, gdy\u017c napi\u0119cie \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142owe w obwodzie nie jest\u00a0 r\u00f3wne sumie napi\u0119\u0107 odbiornikowych (diod).\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5086f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4b5086f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc9c529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc9c529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diody po\u0142\u0105czone r\u00f3wnolegle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb22ab9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cb22ab9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/11.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"11\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NzI5MjMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9ib3RsYW5kLmNvbS5wbFwvYmxvZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTFcLzExLmpwZyJ9\" data-wpel-link=\"internal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"631\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72923\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/11.jpg 631w, https:\/\/botland.com.pl\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/11-300x107.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 631px) 100vw, 631px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-657e9c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"657e9c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nale\u017cy obliczy\u0107 pr\u0105dy : <strong>I1<\/strong> (pr\u0105d p\u0142yn\u0105cy w ga\u0142\u0119zi z rezystorem R1 i diod\u0105 D1), <strong>I2<\/strong> (pr\u0105d p\u0142yn\u0105cy w ga\u0142\u0119zi z rezystorem R2 i diod\u0105 D2),<strong> I3<\/strong> (pr\u0105d p\u0142yn\u0105cy w ga\u0142\u0119zi z rezystorem R3 i diod\u0105 D3).<\/p><p><strong>Z pierwszego prawa Kirchhoffa:<\/strong> <strong>I = I1 + I2 + I3 czyli I = 20mA + 20mA + 20mA = 60mA.<\/strong> Nast\u0119pnie obliczany zostanie spadek napi\u0119cia na ka\u017cdym z rezystor\u00f3w:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fcd14c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0fcd14c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-0467da5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0467da5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68dc34c\" data-id=\"68dc34c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a10bd09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a10bd09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>UR1 = Uz \u2013 UD1<\/p><p>UR1 = 12V \u2013 3,1V = 8,9V\u00a0<\/p><p>UR2 = Uz \u2013 UD2<\/p><p>UR2 = 12V \u2013 3,2V = 8,8V<\/p><p>UR3 = Uz \u2013 UD3<\/p><p>UR3 = 12V \u2013 2,0V = 10,0V<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ada9fa4\" data-id=\"ada9fa4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542b5ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"542b5ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>R1 = UR1 \/ I1<\/p><p>R1 = 8,9V \/ 20mA = 445\u03a9\u00a0<\/p><p>R2 = UR2 \/ I2<\/p><p>R2 = 8,8V \/ 20mA = 440\u03a9<\/p><p>R3 = UR3 \/ I3<\/p><p>R3 = 10,0V \/ 20mA = 500\u03a9\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c814d77 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c814d77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11e7fb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"11e7fb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcb3cdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcb3cdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Podsumowanie - po\u0142\u0105czenie diod<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c20c6bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c20c6bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a30dcdb\" data-id=\"a30dcdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ef670e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ef670e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Szeregowe<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec68b7c\" data-id=\"ec68b7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f59fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71f59fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>R\u00f3wnoleg\u0142e<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86cc474 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"86cc474\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b850f3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b850f3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-80a74b7\" data-id=\"80a74b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bedef2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bedef2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeden rezystor dla <strong>wszystkich<\/strong> diod<\/p><p>Uszkodzenia jednej diody <strong>powoduje<\/strong> wy\u0142\u0105czenie ca\u0142ego uk\u0142adu<\/p><p>Istnieje potrzeba posiadania napi\u0119cia uwzgl\u0119dniaj\u0105cego spadki napi\u0119cia na ka\u017cdej diodzie<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-95e8ca1\" data-id=\"95e8ca1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95ae12c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95ae12c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jeden rezystor dla <strong>ka\u017cdej<\/strong> diody<\/p><p>Uszkodzenia jednej diody <strong>nie powoduje<\/strong> wy\u0142\u0105czenia ca\u0142ego uk\u0142adu<\/p><p>Napi\u0119cie zasilania mo\u017ce by\u0107 r\u00f3wne napi\u0119ciu przewodzenia diod<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0d6873 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b0d6873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Celem tego artyku\u0142u jest przedstawienie r\u00f3\u017cnicy mi\u0119dzy po\u0142\u0105czeniem szeregowym oraz r\u00f3wnoleg\u0142ym diod LED. Chc\u0105c ozdobi\u0107 sobie diodami \u015bwiec\u0105cymi swoje gospodarstwo domowe, zrealizowa\u0107 jak\u0105\u015b ozdob\u0119 w samochodzie zastanawiamy si\u0119 jak to zrobi\u0107, aby takich diod &#8220;nie spali\u0107&#8221;. 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